MRI Spinal schwannomas

Spinal schwannoma, also known as a spinal neurilemmoma, is a type of tumor that arises from the Schwann cells, which are cells that produce the myelin sheath surrounding nerves. This sheath is crucial for proper nerve function, as it helps to insulate the nerve and facilitate the transmission of electrical signals. Schwannomas are usually benign (non-cancerous) and slow-growing tumors.

Causes

The exact cause of spinal schwannomas is not fully understood. They can occur sporadically, without a clear reason, or they may be associated with genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). In NF2, there is a mutation in the gene that controls the production of a protein called merlin, which normally suppresses tumor growth.

Symptoms

The symptoms of a spinal schwannoma vary depending on the size and location of the tumor and may include:

• Pain: Often the first symptom. It can be localized back pain or radiating pain, depending on the nerve affected.
• Muscle Weakness or Numbness: Compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots can lead to sensory or motor deficits.
• Difficulty with Coordination: Compression of the spinal cord can affect coordination, particularly in the legs.
• Bowel or Bladder Dysfunction: Severe spinal cord compression may affect control of bladder or bowel functions.

Many spinal schwannomas, however, are asymptomatic and are found incidentally during imaging for other reasons.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing a spinal schwannoma typically involves a combination of:

• Medical History and Physical Examination: To assess symptoms and possible neurological deficits.
• Imaging Studies: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the primary tool for visualizing the spinal cord and identifying tumors. A computed tomography (CT) scan may also be used.
• Biopsy: In some cases, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis, although this may not always be necessary if imaging is conclusive.

Treatment

Treatment for spinal schwannomas depends on the size, location, symptoms, and the patient’s overall health:

• Observation: Small, asymptomatic tumors may just be monitored with regular MRI scans.
• Surgery: The main treatment for symptomatic schwannomas is surgical removal. The goal is to remove the tumor without damaging surrounding nerves. Techniques vary depending on the tumor’s location and size, and may include less invasive options.
• Radiation Therapy: Stereotactic radiosurgery, such as Gamma Knife or CyberKnife, may be an option for tumors that are difficult to remove surgically or for patients who cannot undergo surgery. Conventional radiation therapy may also be used, particularly if the tumor cannot be completely removed or if it recurs after surgery.
• Chemotherapy: Rarely used for benign schwannomas, but may be considered if the tumor is malignant or cannot be fully addressed with surgery or radiation.