Cervical cancer MRI

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It’s one of the significant health issues facing women globally but can often be successfully treated, especially when detected early.

Causes

The primary cause of cervical cancer is a persistent infection of certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a common virus that is transmitted through sexual contact. There are many types of HPV, but only some of them cause cervical cancer. Other factors can increase the risk of developing cervical cancer, including:

• Smoking
• Having a weakened immune system
• Long-term use of oral contraceptives
• Having many sexual partners or becoming sexually active early
• Other sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Symptoms

In its early stages, cervical cancer typically does not produce any symptoms. As the cancer progresses, symptoms may include:

• Vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause
• Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and have a foul odor
• Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse

Diagnosis

Cervical cancer is typically diagnosed through a series of steps:

• Pap smear test: This test involves collecting cells from the cervix, which are then examined under a microscope to find precancerous or cancerous cells.
• HPV DNA test: This test checks for the presence of the virus that can lead to cervical changes.
• Biopsy: A small sample of tissue is taken from the cervix and examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells.

Treatment

Treatment for cervical cancer depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer, overall health, and personal preferences. Common treatment options include:

• Surgery: This can range from a simple procedure that removes precancerous cells to more extensive operations that may involve removing the cervix, part of the vagina, and possibly the uterus (hysterectomy).
• Radiation therapy: This uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It can be given externally or internally (brachytherapy).
• Chemotherapy: This involves using drugs to kill cancer cells, usually given intravenously. It’s often used alongside radiation therapy.
• Targeted therapy: Drugs or other substances that target specific cancer cells without affecting normal cells.
• Immunotherapy: Uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer. It may be an option if cervical cancer has advanced or returned after treatment.

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

• HPV vaccination: Available for both boys and girls, this vaccine protects against the types of HPV most likely to cause cervical cancer.
• Regular screening tests: Pap tests and HPV tests help detect cervical precancers and cancers early.